02-05-2021

Bromine Mass Number

Formula: Br₂
Molecular weight: 159.808
IUPAC Standard InChI:
InChI=1S/Br2/c1-2
Download the identifier in a file.
IUPAC Standard InChIKey:GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS Registry Number: 7726-95-6
Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol fileor as a computed3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed usingJavaorJavascript.
Other names:Br2;Brom;Brome;Bromo;Broom;UN 1744;Dibromine
Permanent link for this species. Use this link for bookmarking this speciesfor future reference.
Information on this page:
Other data available:
- Reaction thermochemistry data:reactions 1 to 50,reactions 51 to 55
Data at other public NIST sites:
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Bromine Mass Spec
Bromine Mass Number 79

For other isotopes, the isotopic mass is usually within 0.1 u of the mass number. For example, 35 Cl (17 protons and 18 neutrons) has a mass number of 35 and an isotopic mass of 34.96885. The difference of the actual isotopic mass minus the mass number of an atom is known as the mass excess, which for 35 Cl is –0.03115.

Data at NIST subscription sites:

Atomic Number: 35: Atomic Mass: 79.904 atomic mass units: Number of Protons: 35. Approximately 500 million kilograms of bromine are produced worldwide in a year.
The molecular ion peaks (M+ and M+2) each contain one chlorine atom - but the chlorine can be either of the two chlorine isotopes, 35 Cl and 37 Cl. The molecular ion containing the 35 Cl isotope has a relative formula mass of 78. The one containing 37 Cl has a relative formula mass of 80 - hence the two lines at m/z = 78 and m/z = 80. Notice that the peak heights are in the ratio of 3: 1.

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Constants of diatomic molecules

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Data compiled by:Klaus P. Huber and Gerhard H. Herzberg

Data collected through September, 1976

Symbols used in the table of constants
Symbol	Meaning
State	electronic state and / or symmetry symbol
T_e	minimum electronic energy (cm^-1)
ω_e	vibrational constant – first term (cm^-1)
ω_ex_e	vibrational constant – second term (cm^-1)
ω_ey_e	vibrational constant – third term (cm^-1)
B_e	rotational constant in equilibrium position (cm^-1)
α_e	rotational constant – first term (cm^-1)
γ_e	rotation-vibration interaction constant (cm^-1)
D_e	centrifugal distortion constant (cm^-1)
β_e	rotational constant – first term, centrifugal force (cm^-1)
r_e	internuclear distance (Å)
Trans.	observed transition(s) corresponding to electronic state
ν₀₀	position of 0-0 band (units noted in table)

Diatomic constants for ⁷⁹Br₂
State	T_e	ω_e	ω_ex_e	ω_ey_e	B_e	α_e	γ_e	D_e	β_e	r_e	Trans.	ν₀₀
Rydberg	Fragments of additional Rydberg series converging to A ²Π_u of Br₂⁺.
	↳missing citation
	Rydberg series converging to X₂²Π_g,3/2 of Br₂⁺ :ν = 88306 1 - R/(n-δ)² , δ = 2.416, 2.446, 2.591, 2.629,n = 5,6,7.
	↳missing citation
	Rydberg series converging to X₁²Π_g,3/2 of Br₂⁺ :ν = 85165 2 - R/(n-1.843)² ,n=5,...,12.
	↳missing citation
	Rydberg series converging to X₁²Π_g,3/2 of Br₂⁺ :ν = 85165 2 - R/(n-1.938)² ,n=5,...,18.
	↳missing citation
	Rydberg series converging to X₁²Π_g,3/2 of Br₂⁺ :ν = 85165 2 - R/(n-δ)² , δ = 2.225, 2.422, 2.593, n = 5,...,20.
	↳missing citation
State	T_e	ω_e	ω_ex_e	ω_ey_e	B_e	α_e	γ_e	D_e	β_e	r_e	Trans.	ν₀₀
N	76537	230 3	N ← X R	76491 H
N	↳missing citation
M	74060	241 3 H	(0.3)	M ← X R	74019 H
M	↳missing citation
L	72727	218 3 H	3	L ← X R	72674 H
L	↳missing citation
Several groups of diffuse emission bands in the region 23600 - 50000 cm^-1have been assigned Venkateswarlu, 1947 to transitions from four states at 47000, 55534, 61444, 66500 cm^-1to various repulsive states arising from Br(²P_3/2,1/2) + Br(²P_3/2,1/2) .
↳Venkateswarlu, 1947
State	T_e	ω_e	ω_ex_e	ω_ey_e	B_e	α_e	γ_e	D_e	β_e	r_e	Trans.	ν₀₀
(K ) 4	(K) ← X
(K ) 4	↳Venkateswarlu, 1969
(K)	293 35	l → X R	62266 H
(K)	↳Haranath and Rao, 1958
(K )	426 35	M → X V	60879 H
(K )	↳Haranath and Rao, 1958
(K)	281 35	L → X R	59855 H
	↳Haranath and Rao, 1958
	6
	↳Rao and Venkateswarlu, 1964
State	T_e	ω_e	ω_ex_e	ω_ey_e	B_e	α_e	γ_e	D_e	β_e	r_e	Trans.	ν₀₀
H	(56820)	108 37	1.5	H → B	(40890) 7
H	↳Verma, 1958
G	56337	(255) $eH	G → X $gR	56303 H
G	↳Haranath and Rao, 1958
F	52191	(120) 3 H	F → X 8 R	52090 H
F	↳Haranath and Rao, 1958
E	51634.0	150.9 3	0.495 9	E ↔ B 10	35724 3
E	↳Venkateswarlu and Verma, 1958; missing citation; Wieland, Tellinghuisen, et al., 1972
State	T_e	ω_e	ω_ex_e	ω_ey_e	B_e	α_e	γ_e	D_e	β_e	r_e	Trans.	ν₀₀
D	48499	162 3	0.29	D → B	32595
D	↳Venkateswarlu and Verma, 1958, 2
C ¹Π_u 1_u	(24000) 11	C 12 ← X	(24000)
C ¹Π_u 1_u	↳Cordes and Sponer, 1930; Aickin and Bayliss, 1938; Mulliken, 1940; Rees, 1947; Bayliss and Sullivan, 1954; Coxon, 1973
B ³Π_u 0_u⁺	15902.47	167.607 Z	1.6361 13	-0.009369	0.059589 141516	0.0004891	3.013E-08 17	2.67757	B ↔ X 121816 R	15823.47 Z
B ³Π_u 0_u⁺	↳missing citation; missing citation; Holzer, Murphy, et al., 1970; Barrow, Clark, et al., 1974; Ault, Howard, et al., 1975
A ³Π_u1_u	13905	153 3 H	2.7 19	0.0588 2021	(0.0008)	2.695	A ↔ X 121821 R	13818 22
A ³Π_u1_u	↳Horsley, 1967; missing citation; Coxon, 1972
State	T_e	ω_e	ω_ex_e	ω_ey_e	B_e	α_e	γ_e	D_e	β_e	r_e	Trans.	ν₀₀
X ¹Σ_g⁺	0	325.321 Z	1.0774	-0.002298	0.082107 23	0.0003187	-0.000001045	2.092E-08 17	2.28105 24

Notes

1	The interval of 3141 cm^-1 between X₁²Π_3/2 and X₂²Π_1/2 ofBr₂⁺ derived from the Rydberg series does not agree with the value 2820 cm^-1 fromthe photoelectron spectrum Cornford, Frost, et al., 1971.The discrepancy may be accounted for by assuming that instead of v'=0 as suggestedin Venkateswarlu, 1969 the ²Π_1/2 series listed here have v'=2 while the ²Π_3/2 serieshave v'=1 (see 2).
2	According to the photoionization and photoelectron value of the ionizationpotential (see 26) the five ²Π_3/2 Rydberg series in the table refer to v'=l.Vibrational structure; see Venkateswarlu, 1969.
3	Normal isotopic mixture.
4	Extensive system of absorption bands in the region 59000 - 67000 cm^-1;no analysis. This system may include transitions to the upper states of:
5	a) emission systems of Haranath and Rao, 1958
6	b) a long resonance series (63817 - 53779 cm^-1).
7	The vibrational analysis is doubtful since only v'=21-32 were observed.v₀₀ (extrapolated) and T_e are different from Verma, 1958 to allow for the new data onthe B state Barrow, Clark, et al., 1974.
8	System H-X of Haranath and Rao, 1958, not observed in absorption.
9	ω_ez_e= +0.00006₅; vibrational constants from the reanalysis Wieland, Tellinghuisen, et al., 1972 of the emissiondata of Venkateswarlu and Verma, 1958 and the absorption data of Briggs and Norrish, 1963. See 10 .
10	It is not entirely certain that the lower state is B ³Π_u,0+ and not A ³Π_u,1.
11	Several absorption continua beyond 19580 cm^-1 corresponding to a number ofelectronic transitions including that to C ¹Π_u with maximum at 24000 cm^-1.
12	Also observed in magnetic circular dichroism Brith, Rowe, et al., 1975 and photofragment Oldman, Sander, et al., 1975 spectra.The latter authors confirm Mulliken's Mulliken, 1940 prediction that C ¹Π_u dissociates into²Π_3/2 + ²Π_3/2 and observe evidence for several excited g states bytwo-photon photofragment studies near 28000 and 38000 cm^-1.
13	(for v≤8). Vibrational levels observed to v=55, dissociation limit(²P_3/2+²P_1/2) at 19579.76 cm^-1 above X ¹Σ_g⁺(v=0,J=0).See 16. Absorption in the B 0_u⁺ continuum Bondybey, Bearder, et al., 1976.
14	Hfs observed in v=12 (⁸¹Br₂) and v=17(⁷⁹Br₂); see Eng and LaTourrette, 1974.
15	Predissociation was observed Lum and McAfee, 1975, Lum and Hozack, 1975 for v=42, J=33 by the laser-molecular beam technique.B → X emitted in the recombination of Br(²P_3/2) atoms shows strong enhancementof bands with 5<v'< 10 presumably on account of inverse predissociation Clyne, Coxon, et al., 1971. See also 18.
16	RKR potential function and Franck-Condon factors Coxon, 1971, Barrow, Clark, et al., 1974.For the behavior of the potential function near the dissociation limit 13 see Goscinski, 1972, Yee and Stone, 1973, LeRoy, 1974.
17	D_v and higher order constants in Barrow, Clark, et al., 1974.
18	Estimated radiative lifetimes for A and B range from 1000 to 2000 and 12 to 70 μs,respectively Coxon, 1972, Coxon, 1973, Bondybey, Bearder, et al., 1976. For the B state Capelle, Sakurai, et al., 1971 find total lifetimes of the order of 1 μs;minima (~0.2 μs) occur for v=1 and 14 probably on account of predissociation.For lifetimes near the dissociation limit 13 of B see McAfee and Hozack, 1976.
19	Convergence limit for ⁷⁹Br₂ at 15894.6 cm^-1 above X ¹Σ_g⁺ (v=0,J=0),corresponding to ²P_3/2 + ²P_3/2.A weak continuous spectrum joins onto the limit and overlaps the main absorptionsystem B ← X; see Sulzmann, Bien, et al., 1967.
20	Extrapolated from v=7; constants for v=0.. .6 have not been determined.B_v, D_v, H_v, and Λ-type doubling constants for v=7...24 in Coxon, 1972.
21	RKR potential function and Franck-Condon factors Coxon, 1972.
22	Based on ΔG'(v=0-7) from low-resolution emission spectra Clyne and Coxon, 1967 of normal Br₂and the origin of the 7-0 ⁷⁹Br₂ band at 14739.14 cm^-1 derived from Coxon, 1972 and Barrow, Clark, et al., 1974.
23	RKR potential curve Coxon, 1971, Barrow, Clark, et al., 1974. Hfs observed Eng and LaTourrette, 1974 in v=4 (⁸¹Br₂) and v=7 (⁷⁹Br₂).
24	Raman sp. 29
25	From Barrow, Clark, et al., 1974; corresponding values for ⁷⁹,⁸¹Br₂ and ⁸¹Br₂ are1.9708₂ and 1.9709₅ eV (short extrapolation of B 0_u⁺)
26	From photoionization Dibeler, Walker, et al., 1970; supported by measurements at different temperatures.In good agreement with 10.51 eV obtained by photoelectron spectroscopy Frost, McDowell, et al., 1967, Cornford, Frost, et al., 1971, Potts and Price, 1971.A slightly higher value, 10.56 eV, was derived Venkateswarlu, 1969 from the Rydberg series in the VUV.It is probable that this value refers to v'=1.
27	System J-X of Haranath and Rao, 1958, not observed in absorption.
28	(valid for v≤8).
29	Resonance Raman spectra in the gas Holzer, Murphy, et al., 1970, 2, Baierl and Kiefer, 1975, in solid argon Ault, Howard, et al., 1975;pure rotational Raman spectrum Baierl, Hochenbleicher, et al., 1975.

References

Go To:Top, Constants of diatomic molecules, Notes

Venkateswarlu, 1947
Venkateswarlu, P.,Emission bands of halogens. Part IV. Diffuse bands of bromine,Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Sect. A, 1947, 25, 138. [all data]

Venkateswarlu, 1969
Venkateswarlu, P.,The vacuum ultraviolet spectrum of the bromine molecule,Can. J. Phys., 1969, 47, 2525. [all data]

Haranath and Rao, 1958
Haranath, P.B.V.; Rao, P.T.,Band spectra of iodine, chlorine, and bromine in the spectral region 2400-1400 A,J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1958, 2, 428. [all data]

Rao and Venkateswarlu, 1964
Rao, Y.V.; Venkateswarlu, P.,Vacuum ultraviolet resonance spectrum of Br₂ molecule,J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1964, 13, 288. [all data]

Verma, 1958
Verma, R.D.,Emission spectrum of bromine excited in the presence of argon. Part III. The band system in the region 2660-2590 Å,Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Sect. A, 1958, 47, 196. [all data]

Venkateswarlu and Verma, 1958
Venkateswarlu, P.; Verma, R.D.,Emission spectrum of bromine excited in the presence of argon-Part I,Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Sect. A, 1958, 46, 251. [all data]

Wieland, Tellinghuisen, et al., 1972
Wieland, K.; Tellinghuisen, J.B.; Nobs, A.,The band systems E → B(4000-4360 Å) and F → X(2530-2740 Å) of ¹²⁷I₂ and ¹²⁹I₂, and the corresponding system E = B of Br₂ and Cl₂,J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1972, 41, 69. [all data]

Venkateswarlu and Verma, 1958, 2
Venkateswarlu, P.; Verma, R.D.,Emission spectrum of bromine excited in the presence of argon. Part II. The band system in the region 3150-2970 Å,Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Sect. A, 1958, 46, 416. [all data]

Cordes and Sponer, 1930
Cordes, H.; Sponer, H.,Die molekulabsorption des chlors, broms, jodchlorids und jodbromids im aubersten ultraviolett,Z. Phys., 1930, 63, 334. [all data]

Aickin and Bayliss, 1938
Aickin, R.G.; Bayliss, N.S.,The absorption spectrum of bromine vapour in the region 3400 A to 2200 A,Trans. Faraday Soc., 1938, 34, 1371. [all data]

Mulliken, 1940
Mulliken, R.S.,Halogen molecule spectra. II. Interval relations and relative intensities in the long wave-length spectra,Phys. Rev., 1940, 57, 500. [all data]

Rees, 1947
Rees, A.L.G.,Note on the interpretation of the visible absorption spectrum of bromine,Proc. Phys. Soc. London, 1947, 59, 1008. [all data]

Bayliss and Sullivan, 1954
Bayliss, N.S.; Sullivan, J.V.,Vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectra of iodine and bromine,J. Chem. Phys., 1954, 22, 1615. [all data]

Coxon, 1973
Coxon, J.A.,Chapt. 4. Low-lying electronic states of diatomic halogen moleculesin Molecular Spectroscopy. Volume 1, Barrow,R.F.; Long,D.A.; Millen,D.J., ed(s)., The Chemical Society, Burlington House, London, W1V 0BN, 1973, 177-228. [all data]

Holzer, Murphy, et al., 1970
Holzer, W.; Murphy, W.F.; Bernstein, H.J.,Resonance fluorescence of iodine, bromine, and chlorine gases obtained with argon-ion laser excitation,J. Chem. Phys., 1970, 52, 469. [all data]

Barrow, Clark, et al., 1974
Barrow, R.F.; Clark, T.C.; Coxon, J.A.; Yee, K.K.,The B³Π_0u+ - X¹Σ_g⁺ system of Br₂ rotational analysis, Franck-Condon factors, and long range potential in the B_0u+ state,J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1974, 51, 428. [all data]

Ault, Howard, et al., 1975
Ault, B.S.; Howard, W.F.; Andrews, L.,Laser-induced fluorescence and Raman spectra of chlorine and bromine molecules isolated in inert matrices,J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1975, 55, 217. [all data]

Horsley, 1967
Horsley, J.A.,Rotational analysis of the A³Π_1u - X¹Σ_g⁺ system of bromine,J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1967, 22, 469. [all data]

Coxon, 1972
Coxon, J.A.,The extreme red absorption spectrum of Br₂, A³Π(1_u) ← X¹Σ_g⁺,J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1972, 41, 548. [all data]

Cornford, Frost, et al., 1971
Cornford, A.B.; Frost, D.C.; McDowell, C.A.; Ragle, J.L.; Stenhouse, I.A.,Photoelectron spectra of the halogens,J. Chem. Phys., 1971, 54, 2651. [all data]

Briggs and Norrish, 1963
Briggs, A.G.; Norrish, R.G.W.,Transient absorption spectra of chlorine and bromine,Proc. R. Soc. London A, 1963, 276, 51. [all data]

Brith, Rowe, et al., 1975
Brith, M.; Rowe, M.D.; Schnepp, O.; Stephens, P.J.,The magnetic circular dichroism spectrum of the halogen molecules I₂, Br₂, Cl₂. Resolution of overlapping continua,Chem. Phys., 1975, 9, 57. [all data]

Oldman, Sander, et al., 1975
Oldman, R.J.; Sander, R.K.; Wilson, K.R.,Photofragment spectrum of bromine,J. Chem. Phys., 1975, 63, 4252. [all data]

Bondybey, Bearder, et al., 1976
Bondybey, V.E.; Bearder, S.S.; Fletcher, C.,Br₂B³Π(0_u⁺) excitation spectra and radiative lifetimes in rare gas solids,J. Chem. Phys., 1976, 64, 5243. [all data]

Eng and LaTourrette, 1974
Eng, R.S.; LaTourrette, J.T.,Hyperfine spectra of bromine vapor near 633 nm,J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1974, 52, 269. [all data]

Lum and McAfee, 1975
Lum, R.M.; McAfee, K.B., Jr.,Direct measurement of spontaneous predissociation using coaxial laser-molecular beams,J. Chem. Phys., 1975, 63, 5029. [all data]

Lum and Hozack, 1975
Lum, R.M.; Hozack, R.S.,Identification of selectively excited transitions in Br₂ isotopes at 5145 Å,J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1975, 58, 325-327. [all data]

Clyne, Coxon, et al., 1971
Clyne, M.A.A.; Coxon, J.A.; Woon-Fat, A.R.,Electronic excitation of bromine to the B³Π(0_u⁺) state in the recombination of ground state Br²P_2/3 atoms,Trans. Faraday Soc., 1971, 67, 3155. [all data]

Coxon, 1971
Coxon, J.A.,The calculation of potential energy curves of diatomic molecules: application to halogen molecules,J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 1971, 11, 443. [all data]

Goscinski, 1972
Goscinski, O.,Outer vibrational turning points near dissociation in the B(³Π_0u⁺) state of Br₂ and Cl₂,Mol. Phys., 1972, 24, 655. [all data]

Yee and Stone, 1973
Yee, K.K.; Stone, T.J.,Analysis of RKR long-range potentials of the B³Π_0u+ states of Br₂ and Cl₂,Mol. Phys., 1973, 26, 1169. [all data]

LeRoy, 1974
LeRoy, R.J.,Long-range potential coefficients from RKR turning points: C₆ and C₈ for B(³Π_0u⁺)-state Cl₂, Br₂, and I₂,Can. J. Phys., 1974, 52, 246. [all data]

Capelle, Sakurai, et al., 1971
Capelle, G.; Sakurai, K.; Broida, H.P.,Lifetimes and self-quenching cross sections of cibrational levels in the B state of bromine excited by a tunable dye laser,J. Chem. Phys., 1971, 54, 1728. [all data]

McAfee and Hozack, 1976
McAfee, K.B., Jr.; Hozack, R.S.,Lifetimes and energy transfer near the dissociation limit in bromine,J. Chem. Phys., 1976, 64, 2491. [all data]

Sulzmann, Bien, et al., 1967
Sulzmann, K.G.P.; Bien, F.; Penner, S.S.,Intensity and collision half-width measurements using a laser source. II. Continuum and line absorption of Br₂ at 6328 A,J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 1967, 7, 969. [all data]

Clyne and Coxon, 1967
Clyne, M.A.A.; Coxon, J.A.,The emission spectra of Br₂ and IBr formed in atomic recombination processes,J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1967, 23, 258. [all data]

Dibeler, Walker, et al., 1970
Dibeler, V.H.; Walker, J.A.; McCulloh, K.E.,Threshold for molecular photoionization of bromine,J. Chem. Phys., 1970, 53, 4715. [all data]

Frost, McDowell, et al., 1967
Frost, D.C.; McDowell, C.A.; Vroom, D.A.,Photoelectron spectra of the halogens and the hydrogen halides,J. Chem. Phys., 1967, 46, 4255. [all data]

Potts and Price, 1971
Potts, A.W.; Price, W.C.,Photoelectron spectra of the halogens and mixed halides ICI and lBr,J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 1971, 67, 1242. [all data]

Holzer, Murphy, et al., 1970, 2
Holzer, W.; Murphy, W.F.; Bernstein, H.J.,Resonance Raman effect and resonance fluoroscence in halogen gases,J. Chem. Phys., 1970, 52, 399. [all data]

Baierl and Kiefer, 1975
Baierl, P.; Kiefer, W.,Hot band and isotopic structure in the resonance Raman spectrum of bromine vapor,J. Chem. Phys., 1975, 62, 306. [all data]

Baierl, Hochenbleicher, et al., 1975
Baierl, P.; Hochenbleicher, J.G.; Kiefer, W.,Pure rotational Raman spectra of ⁷⁹Br₂ and ⁸¹Br₂,Appl. Spectrosc., 1975, 29, 356. [all data]

Notes

Go To:Top, Constants of diatomic molecules, References

Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69:NIST Chemistry WebBook
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How many moles Bromine in 1 grams?The answer is 0.012515018021626.
We assume you are converting between moles Bromine and gram.
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The molecular formula for Bromine is Br.
The SI base unit for amount of substance is the mole.
1 mole is equal to 1 moles Bromine, or 79.904 grams.
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››Quick conversion chart of moles Bromine to grams

1 moles Bromine to grams = 79.904 grams

2 moles Bromine to grams = 159.808 grams

3 moles Bromine to grams = 239.712 grams

4 moles Bromine to grams = 319.616 grams

5 moles Bromine to grams = 399.52 grams

6 moles Bromine to grams = 479.424 grams

7 moles Bromine to grams = 559.328 grams

8 moles Bromine to grams = 639.232 grams

9 moles Bromine to grams = 719.136 grams

10 moles Bromine to grams = 799.04 grams

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Bromine Mass Spec

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Bromine Mass Number 79

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